Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem

Gnaiger E (1993) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of energy transformations. Pure Appl Chem 65:1983-2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199365091983

» PAC, PAC:199365091983 Open Access

Gnaiger Erich (1993) Pure Appl Chem

Abstract: Important aspects of classical and nonequilibrium thermodynamics developed separately and lack alignment. Confusing definitions of heat and work exist for open systems in association with the exchange of matter. The concept of heat exchange in open systems requires clarification on the basis of calorimetric principles, whereas power is rigorously defined in terms of external work per time and the product of internal flows and forces. For illustration, analogous electric, thermal and chemical flows and forces are represented. An internal flow is the advancement of a transformation per time. A force is the partial Gibbs (Helmholtz) energy change per advancement. These relations are developed on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics with reference to entropy production, efficiency and energy dissipation. The symbols of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are not generally in line with IUPAC conventions. Any attempt towards a reconciliation necessarily leads to symbols which are unconventional in either tradition. Importantly, improvement of terminological consistency is a basis for conceptual clarification. • Keywords: List of symbols, Definitions, Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, Open systems, Extensive, Intensive, System-specific • Bioblast editor: Gnaiger E • O2k-Network Lab: AT Innsbruck Gnaiger E

Corrections

Page 1996, Reference 6: Von Stockar U, Gustafsson L, Larsson C, Marison I, Tissot P, Gnaiger E (1993) Thermodynamic considerations in constructing energy balances for cellular growth. Biochim Biophys Acta 1183:221-40. - »Bioblast link«
Page 1997, Table A1, category 7: The unit of conductance is not x²·W^-1=x²·J^-1·s, but is x²·J^-1·s^-1.

Page 1998, Table A2, category 7': The unit of conductivity (scalar) is not x²·W^-1·m^-3=x²·J^-1·s·m^-3, but is x²·J^-1·s^-1·m^-3. Likewise, the unit of conductivity (vector) is not x²·W^-1·m^-1=x²·J^-1·s·m^-1, but is x²·J^-1·s^-1·m^-1.

Page 1999, Table A3, category 7: The unit of electric conductance is not C²·W^-1=C²·J^-1·s, but is C²·J^-1·s^-1.

Page 2001, Table A5, category 6: Change of reacting amount of i. This equation in Table A5 has to be replaced by Eq. 2 on page 1984:

d_rn_i = dn_i - d_en_i

Calorimetry and Thermodynamics of Biological Processes

International Symposium on Calorimetry and Thermodynamics of Biological Processes, Goteborg-Gullmarsstrand, Sweden, 15–19 May 1992 - »PAC«

Nomenclature update

It is suggested to replace the symbol for Gibbs force of reaction, F_B,r (Eq. 24), by the symbol Δ_rF_B.

Keywords—MitoPedia

»Bioblast links: Energy and exergy - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>

Units

Joule [J]; 1 J = 1 N·m = 1 V·C; 1 cal = 4.184 J

Fundamental relationships

» Energy

» Exergy

» Extensive quantity

Contrast

» Force

» Pressure

» Intensive quantity

Forms of energy

» Internal-energy dU

» Enthalpy dH

» Heat d_eQ

» Bound energy dB

Forms of exergy

» Helmholtz energy dA

» Gibbs energy dG

» Work d_eW

» Dissipated energy d_iD

Bioblast links: Force and membrane potential - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>

Fundamental relationships

» Force

» Affinity

» Flux

» Advancement

» Advancement per volume

» Stoichiometric number

mt-Membrane potential and protonmotive force

» Protonmotive force

» Mitochondrial membrane potential

» Chemical potential

» Faraday constant

» Format

» Uncoupler

Oroboros Potentiometry

» Oroboros Catalogue: O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module

» Oroboros Manual: MiPNet15.03 O2k-MultiSensor-ISE

» TPP - Oroboros Procedures: Tetraphenylphosphonium

» Specifications: MiPNet15.08 TPP electrode

» Poster

» Unspecific binding of TPP+

» TPP+ inhibitory effect

Oroboros FluoRespirometry

» Oroboros Catalogue: Oroboros FluoRespirometer

» Oroboros Manual: MiPNet22.11 O2k-FluoRespirometer manual

» Safranin - Oroboros Procedures: MiPNet20.13 Safranin mt-membranepotential / Safranin

» TMRM - Oroboros Procedures: TMRM

Oroboros Publications

» O2k-Publications: mt-Membrane potential

» O2k-Publications: Coupling efficiency;uncoupling

Cited by

Gnaiger E (2024) Addressing the ambiguity crisis in bioenergetics and thermodynamics. MitoFit Preprints 2024.3. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2024-0003

Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5^th ed. Bioenerg Commun 2020.2. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002

Gnaiger E et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group (2020) Mitochondrial physiology. Bioenerg Commun 2020.1. doi:10.26124/bec:2020-0001.v1.

MiPArt - Mitchell's equation

18 citations in PAC (2022-10-16)

Labels:

HRR: Theory

Amount of substance, Efficiency, Flow, Force, Flux, IUPAC, LEAK respiration, Mitochondrial marker, Protonmotive force, Steady state, System, BEC 2020.1, BEC 2020.2, X-mass Carol, Gnaiger 2024 MitoFit