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....3.5.1) are enzymes that couple the two-electron oxidation of succinate to fumarate (reaction 1) to the two-electron reduction of quinone to quinol (reaction 2 succinate → fumarate + 2H⁺ + 2e^- (1)

...[[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] catalyzing the equilibrium reaction between [[fumarate]] and [[malate]]. Fumarase is found not only in mitochondria, but also in t

...ate reductases, FRDABCD) tend to operate in the reverse direction reducing fumarate and oxidizing quinol.

...oxidoreductases--what can we learn from ''Wolinella'' succinogenes quinol:fumarate reductase?. FEBS Lett 504:133-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(01)027 ...the results from site-directed mutagenesis, we have derived a mechanism of fumarate reduction and succinate oxidation [Lancaster et al. (2001) Eur. J. Biochem.

|title=Wilson MA, Cascarano J (1970) The energy-yielding oxidation of NADH by fumarate in submitochondrial particles of rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 216:54-6 |abstract=1. Oxidation of NADH by fumarate coupled to synthesis of ATP was found to occur in cyanide-poisoned rat hear

...A, Condon KJ, Zhang T, Kunchok T, Lewis CA, Chandel NS, Sabatini DM (2021) Fumarate is a terminal electron acceptor in the mammalian electron transport chain. ...and complex I activities. Mouse tissues display varying capacities to use fumarate as a TEA, most of which net reverse the SDH complex under hypoxia. Thus, we

...istinct chemical reactions: the reversible oxidoreduction of succinate and fumarate, catalyzed in a soluble domain, and the reversible oxidoreduction of quinol ...re kinetically advantaged to catalyze the reverse reaction, i.e. to reduce fumarate and oxidize quinol . No matter the preferred direction of the reaction, com

...oss of FH function are respiratory-deficient and accumulate high levels of fumarate. This raises an intriguing question: how do cancer cells with dysfunctional

...te:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR) catalyses the oxidation of succinate to fumarate and the reductionof ubiquinone (UQ) to ubiquinol (UQH₂), .. ...by SDH/SQR, which is frequently written something like succinate + FAD <-> fumarate + FADH₂ [9-18]. This presentation implies that FAD is the final

...nally, it is emphasized that a "fumarate reductase" enzyme entity reducing fumarate to succinate found in some bacteria and lower eukaryotes remains to be disc

...e catalysis when one molecule of pyruvate has reacted with one molecule of fumarate. ...ub>2</sub> uptake caused by fumarate to be proportional to the quantity of fumarate added. - ''Comment: Excess [[additivity]] at low malonate, and complete add

...ncing covalent flavinylation in both bacterial succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunits and of SDHAF2 in performing the same functi

...mping of O₂ respiration, reduced ATP utilization, and inducible fumarate respiration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295:C29-37. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.004 ...ATP consumption. The PHD pathway also enables the mitochondria to utilize fumarate for respiration.

..., 0.06, and 0.09 mM, respectively. At pH 7.4 (5MM fumarate) and pH 6.0 (no fumarate), the Km values for (-)-malate, NADP+, and Mn2+ were 6.5, 0.62, and 0.59 mM

...d fumarate reductases (FRDs) catalyse the interconversion of succinate and fumarate, a reaction highly conserved in all domains of life. The current classifica

...aintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O₂). F

...-Roqueplo AP, Rustin P (2014) Unsuspected task for an old team: succinate, fumarate and other Krebs cycle acids in metabolic remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1 ...s, key functions of several of its intermediates, especially succinate and fumarate, have been recently uncovered. The presumably immutable organization of the

...ction of FAD to FADH₂ to be linked to oxidation of succinate to fumarate. Perhaps open instead of anonymous peer review might encourage a scientific

...alized in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidizes [[malate]], generated from fumarate by fumarase, to [[oxaloacetate]], reducing NAD⁺ to NADH+H<sup>+<

...e dehydrogenase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] enzyme converting [[succinate]] to [[fumarate]] while reducing FAD to FADH₂. SDH is the largest component of t

...ic investigation of fibroblasts showed only modest changes indicating that fumarate mediated inhibition of enzymatic pathways other than oxidative phosphorylat

...marate and inhibited by adenosine 5'-triphosphate. In the presence of 5 mM fumarate, the apparent Km values for malate were about 2 mM with either NAD+ or NADP

...ions, the purine nucleotide cycle and the malate aspartate shuttle furnish fumarate, which supports complex II reversal and leads to succinate accumulation. Co |keywords=SDHA, Coenzyme Q, Complex II, Electron transport chain, Fumarate, Hydrogen sulfide

...pyruvate catalyzed by [[malic enzyme]] in the oxidative direction, and to fumarate in the reductive direction, leading to formation of succinate and ATP under

...t the inner mitochondrial membrane, coupling the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) with electron transfer to ubiquinone.

...submitochondrial particles is measured by equilibration with the succinate/fumarate system to about 65 mV at pH 7, with the redox ratio, ''n'' = 2. The pH depe

...layer in the aging process. Mitochondrial Complex II converts succinate to fumarate and plays an essential role in both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and

...robic energy metabolism of parasites inhabiting hosts, by acting as quinol-fumarate reductase.

...specific inhibitory responses of the reaction to malonate, phosphate, and fumarate.

...sion in cancer cells. In particular, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, succinate and fumarate, four mitochondrial metabolites, activate genes relevant for tumor progress

|title=[[File:PielS.jpg|left|100px|Piel Sarah]] Effect of dimethyl fumarate on cerebral mitochondrial metabolism in a porcine model of pediatric in-hos ...oor neurological outcome [5-6]. Here, we tested the potential of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a derivative of the TCA-cycle intermediate fumaric acid shown to enh

::::* Complex II couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate (in the Krebs cycle) with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol, .. Comp ...volves oxidation of succinate (C₄H₆O₄) to fumarate (C₄H₄O₄) in the SDHA subunit: the covalent

...e report that TCA cycle metabolites (citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, fumarate, malate) individually and quickly inhibit H(2)O(2) release. When they are p

...t (RET) in inflammatory macrophages and is also responsible for regulating fumarate levels linking to epigenetic changes. Complex III also produces ROS which a

...cells are currently under extensive investigation. PP suppressed the NADH-fumarate reductase system that mediates a reverse reaction of the mitochondrial elec

.... Mutations in specific metabolic enzymes, namely succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase and the isocitrate dehydrogenases, have been linked to human canc

...in the [[GM-pathway control state]] (GM_''P''). Accumulation of fumarate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase.

...ADP supply. In contrast, the metabolization of α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate was little controlled by the energy and redox state. Metaboliza

...st numbers with marked sexual dimorphism. Finally, treatment with dimethyl fumarate prevented the deleterious effects of ovariectomy in trabecular bone masses

...and ischemic mouse hearts. However, succinate concentrations and succinate/fumarate ratios were lower in turtle than in mouse heart, limiting the driving force

...ibitor have led to the exciting discovery of ETC plasticity and the use of fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor. H2S oxidation combined with complex IV tar

...synthetase (SCS) to succinate. SDHA oversees the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle, resulting in the reduction of FAD to FADH2.6 SDHA

succinate/fumarate redox couple confirmed for brain tissue a bell-shapeddependencywith amaxima

...at 38 °C and 5.2 X 10-4 M at 21 °C. Oxalacetate, malonate, and fumarate are competitive inhibitors. Antimycin A and BAL do not inhibit t

...hypoxic condition also increased the expression of the hexokinase and NADH fumarate reductase genes and reduced NAD(P)H, suggesting that this increase in ATP l

...ays a dual role in respiration by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and transferring electrons from succinate

...correlation between pyruvate - succinate and positive correlations between fumarate - malate and citrate - Isocitrate in both LBD and AD. In the total sample,

...with those of known Nrf2 activators, omaveloxolone (RTA-408) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells with stable transfection of

...c peak that accumulated under anoxia has not been successfully identified. Fumarate and pyruvate levels decreased as anoxia proceeded. Thus, a perceptible ener

:::: '''Fig. 5''' of Rosca et al (2012): Oxidation of succinate to fumarate reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol through oxidation of FAD to FADH<sub>2</sub

...21-fold, with Mn2+ 2.3-fold more effective than Mg2+, (iii) succinate and fumarate increased the activity by 2- and 5-fold, respectively, at sub-saturating co

...ally during the anoxic event, providing quinones to Complex I and reducing fumarate to succinate. Our results highlight the importance of quinone provision to

...inate dehydrogenase (SDH) connects the TCA cycle by oxidizing succinate to fumarate and the respiratory chain by transferring electrons to ubiquinone. Mutation

...as difficult to measure by mass spectroscopy) as well as those of malate, fumarate, and citrate in isolated succinate-respiring mitochondria. When these mito

...rises from reversal of succinate dehydrogenase, which in turn is driven by fumarate overflow from purine nucleotide breakdown and partial reversal of the malat

...lyophilized particles catalyzed a rotenone‐sensitive oxidation of NADH by fumarate. This reaction was completely absent from the ubiquinone‐depleted particl

...he [[TCA cycle]], and is a substrate of [[Complex II |CII]], reacting to [[fumarate]] and feeding electrons into the [[Q-junction]]. Succinate (CII-linked) and

...genase (SDH, mitochondrial Complex II) links the oxidation of succinate to fumarate and reduction of FAD to FADH2 in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Furthe

...vity with respect to the substrate malate, is allosterically controlled by fumarate and to some extent by succinate as an activator, and by ATP as an inhibitor

...SDH, mitochondrial Complex II) links the oxidation of succinate and FAD to fumarate and FADH2 in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to electron transfer (ET) f

...elevated serum alanine, and heavy lactic aciduria with increased ketones, fumarate, malate, and alpha-ketoglutarate as well as reduced succinate on urine orga

...ficiencies in the rate of respiratory-chain catalysis cause the NAD+/NADH, fumarate/succinate and Q/QH2 pools to become more reduced, and reactive oxygen speci

...ub>a1</sub> = 3.40 and p''K''_a2 = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the [[TCA cycle]] in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate

...ulation of oxaloacetate, an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and fumarate [1,3].

...ormed endogenously in the TCA cycle and interacts with malate- and further fumarate- and oxaloacetate-concentrations to potently regulate ''J''<sub>O<sub>2</su

...sub>). Malate is not required, since oxaloacetate is formed from succinate-fumarate-malate. Antimycin A (Ama) inhibits Complex III (CIII) at the Q_o

...SDH, mitochondrial Complex II) links the oxidation of succinate and FAD to fumarate and FADH₂ in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to electron tran

...II]] (CII; see [[succinate dehydrogenase]], SDH) from succinate and FAD to fumarate and CII-bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH₂) to the [[Q-jun

...matrix across the inner mt-membrane (e.g. malate formed from succinate via fumarate), or metabolized in the TCA cycle (e.g. malate-derived oxaloacetate forming

...he matrix across the mtIM (e.g. [[malate]] formed from [[succinate]] via [[fumarate]]), or metabolized in the TCA cycle (e.g. malate-derived oxaloacetate formi

| '''Fumarase and fumarate: epigenetic modifications in FH-deficient tumors'''

...xia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:11080-5. - Equilibrium ratio of malate to fumarate is 4.1. ...ndria. J Biol Chem 259:13123-30. - Malonate added to inhibit the succinate-fumarate reaction exerts only a minor effect on liver mitochondrial respiration.

...oc Natl Acad Sci U S A |»Bioblast link«]] - Equilibrium ratio of malate to fumarate is 4.1. ...ndria. J Biol Chem 259:13123-30. - Malonate added to inhibit the succinate-fumarate reaction exerts only a minor effect on liver mitochondrial respiration.

...ultaneously, succinate, an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, is oxidized to fumarate." - Comments: FAD does not have a postive charge. FADH₂ is the r

...DH in the N-pathway with FADH₂ in the S-pathway ― together with fumarate, FADH₂ is a product but not a substrate of CII. ...oc Natl Acad Sci U S A |»Bioblast link«]] - Equilibrium ratio of malate to fumarate is 4.1.

:::: '''[[Piel Sarah|Sarah Piel]]''': ''Effect of dimethyl fumarate on cerebral mitochondrial metabolism in a porcine model of pediatric in-hos

: '''FADH2+ Succinate ⟶ Fumarate +2H+'''