Donnelly 2022 MitoFit Hypoxia: Difference between revisions
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::: '''Further contacts''' (in progress) | ::: '''Further contacts''' (in progress) | ||
::::* [[Burtscher Martin]], [[Lane Nick]], [[Shick J Malcolm]] | ::::* [[Burtscher Martin]], [[Chicco Adam J]], [[Lane Nick]], [[Shick J Malcolm]] | ||
== References and weblinks == | == References and weblinks == |
Revision as of 12:51, 5 January 2022
MitoEAGLE Hypoxia Task Group (2022) The ABC of hypoxia – what is the norm? MitoFit Preprints (in prep). |
MitoEAGLE Hypoxia Task Group (2022) MitoFit Preprints
Abstract: The terminology on ‘oxia’ ― from normoxia to hypoxia and anoxia in contrast to hyperoxia ― has a long history (Richalet 2021). But ambiguities persist. These are discussed in the present communication with the aim to clarify concepts, bridge the gap between different points of view, and thus facilitate future research to resolve current controversies and discrepancies. The ABC of hypoxia spans the notion of (1) hyperoxic, normoxic, and hypoxic to anoxic conditions in the atmosphere and hydrosphere to the intracellular microenvironment, (2) physiological responses to oxygen availability in geological time and biological evolution, and (3) comparative and exercise physiology in health to hypoxia and oxygenation in disease (Lane 2002). Wherever continuous oxygen gradients and discontinuous differences between compartments exist, ambient normoxia is distinguished from normoxia in biological compartments partitioned into organs, tissues, cells, and intracellular microenvironments along the respiratory cascade (Weibel 2000). Normoxia is not a norm but a reference condition for critical functions, particularly for aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism, and for oxygen sensing and hypoxic signaling in different organisms and tissues (Clanton et al 2013). Long-term evolutionary adaptation and short-term physiological, biochemical, and molecular acclimation and acclimatization re-set the functional normoxic reference points (Hochachka, Somero 2002).
The absolute normoxic reference point is based on a meaningful but arbitrary definition which unifies the ABC concepts of normoxia: (A) ambient normoxia at sea level in the contemporary atmosphere and at air saturation of aqueous environments, (B) biological compartmental O2 levels at ambient normoxia under physiological routine performance of healthy organisms in the absence of environmental stress (e.g. extreme temperatures), and (C) critical functions maintained relative to ambient normoxia and evaluated by measurement of the response to changed oxygen conditions and oxygen kinetics (Gnaiger et al 2000). Conversely, the ABC of hypoxia and hyperoxia is concerned with deviations from these reference points in conditions of (a) ambient changes of oxygen levels, (b) transient increases of biological O2 demand exceeding oxygen supply and pathological limitations of O2 transport, or (c) the critical oxygen pressure and oxygen kinetics shifted by pathological effects and environmental stress.
• Bioblast editor: Gnaiger E
Living Communication
Last update 2022-01-04
Open list of contributors
- 1 Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria
- 2 Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- * Coordination: [email protected], [email protected]
- Further contacts (in progress)
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- Current conferences
- » https://www.rsc.org/events/detail/3610/keystone-symposia-hypoxia-molecular-mechanisms-of-oxygen-sensing-and-response-pathways
- » https://www.hypoxia.net/
- » https://www.dwscientific.com/2nd-whitley-hypoxia-symposium
- » https://waset.org/hypoxia-exercise-and-hypoxic-exposure-conference-in-january-2022-in-bali
- » https://conferenceindex.org/event/international-conference-on-hypoxia-inducible-factors-and-oxygen-biology-ichifob-2022-may-dubai-ae
Notes
Quotes on hypoxia and normoxia
- Compared with ambient oxygen pressure of 20 kPa (150 mmHg), oxygen levels are low within active tissues and are under tight control by microcirculatory adjustments to match oxygen supply and demand. Alveolar normoxia of 13 kPa (100 mmHg) contrasts with a corresponding 1 to 5 kPa (10 to 40 mmHg) extracellular pO2 in solid organs such as heart, brain, kidney, and liver (19). Considering the respiratory cascade and oxygen in the microenvironment of tissue (23, 26), it appears surprising that protein synthesis becomes inhibited in hepatocytes incubated at a “hypoxic” pO2 of 11 kPa (80 mmHg) compared with 95 % oxygen (41), hepatocyte respiration is reduced at 9 kPa (70 mmHg (54)), and cytochrome c oxidase is reversibly inhibited at 50 μM (4 kPa or 30 mmHg (16)). Does this suggest substantial oxygen limitation of aerobic ATP production and protein synthesis to prevail under normoxia in vivo, or are responses to oxygen altered in vitro? (Gnaiger 2003 Adv Exp Med Biol).
- Intracellular hypoxia is defined as local oxygen pressure below normoxic reference states, or limitation of mitochondrial respiration by oxygen levels below kinetic saturation, resulting in oxyconformance (Gnaiger 2003 Adv Exp Med Biol). - The are definitions for (B) or (C).
- The high affinity of cytochrome c oxidase for oxygen implies independence of mitochondrial respiration of oxygen over a wide range of oxygen levels, which gives rise to the paradigm of “oxygen regulation”, although “kinetic oxygen saturation” describes more accurately the underlying mechanism (Gnaiger 2003 Adv Exp Med Biol). - Normoxic respiration can thus be defined as respiration at kinetic oxygen saturation, and hypoxic respiration as respiration below a critical oxygen pressure pc, when the pO2 becomes limiting and respiration shows oxyconformance.
Quotes on definitions
- Definitions always leak at the margins, where experts delight in posing counterexamples for their peers to ponder. Fortunately, the typical cases are clear enough that a little fuzziness around the edges does not interfere with the larger picture (Miller 1991 Scientific American Library).
- A lexicographer tries, not always successfully, to steer a course between incomprehension and miscomprehension. .. writing definitions is a difficult and little-appreciated art (Miller 1991 Scientific American Library).
- Full standardisation of definitions and analytical procedures could be feasible for new research efforts. .. For existing datasets and studies, harmonisation attempts to achieve some, but not necessarily perfect, homogeneity of definitions might need substantial effort and coordination. .. Large consortia and collaborations can allow the use of a common language among investigators for clinical definitions, laboratory measurements, and statistical analyses (Ioannidis 2014 Lancet).
Labels: MiParea: Respiration, Comparative MiP;environmental MiP, Exercise physiology;nutrition;life style
Stress:Oxidative stress;RONS, Hypoxia
Regulation: Aerobic glycolysis, Flux control, Temperature
Coupling state: ROUTINE
Tissue normoxia