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Property "Has-20abstract" (as page type) with input value "SIGNIFICANCE:-20Mitochondria-20are-20the-20energetic,-20metabolic,-20redox,-20and-20information-20signaling-20centers-20of-20the-20cell.-20Substrate-20-5B-5Bpressure-5D-5D,-20mitochondrial-20network-20dynamics,-20and-20cristae-20morphology-20state-20are-20integrated-20by-20the-20-5B-5Bprotonmotive-20force-5D-5D-20Δ-27-27p-27-27-20or-20its-20potential-20component,-20Δ-27-27Ψ-27-27,-20which-20are-20attenuated-20by-20proton-20backflux-20into-20the-20matrix,-20termed-20uncoupling.-20The-20mitochondrial-20uncoupling-20proteins-20(UCP1-2D5)-20play-20an-20eminent-20role-20in-20the-20regulation-20of-20each-20of-20the-20mentioned-20aspects,-20being-20involved-20in-20numerous-20physiological-20events-20including-20redox-20signaling.-20Recent-20Advances:-20UCP2-20structure,-20including-20purine-20nucleotide-20and-20fatty-20acid-20(FA)-20binding-20sites,-20strongly-20support-20the-20FA-20cycling-20mechanism:-20UCP2-20expels-20FA-20anions,-20whereas-20uncoupling-20is-20achieved-20by-20the-20membrane-20backflux-20of-20protonated-20FA.-20Nascent-20FAs,-20cleaved-20by-20phospholipases,-20are-20preferential.-20The-20resulting-20Δ-27-27p-27-27-20dissipation-20decreases-20superoxide-20formation-20dependent-20on-20Δ-27-27p-27-27.-20UCP-2Dmediated-20antioxidant-20protection-20and-20its-20impairment-20are-20expected-20to-20play-20a-20major-20role-20in-20cell-20physiology-20and-20pathology.-20Moreover,-20UCP2-2Dmediated-20aspartate,-20oxaloacetate,-20and-20malate-20antiport-20with-20phosphate-20is-20expected-20to-20alter-20metabolism-20of-20cancer-20cells.-0A-0A-0ACRITICAL-20ISSUES:-20A-20wide-20range-20of-20UCP-20antioxidant-20effects-20and-20participations-20in-20redox-20signaling-20have-20been-20reported-3B-20however,-20mechanisms-20of-20UCP-20activation-20are-20still-20debated.-20Switching-20off-2Fon-20the-20UCP2-20protonophoretic-20function-20might-20serve-20as-20redox-20signaling-20either-20by-20employing-2Freleasing-20the-20extra-20capacity-20of-20cell-20antioxidant-20systems-20or-20by-20directly-20increasing-2Fdecreasing-20mitochondrial-20superoxide-20sources.-20Rapid-20UCP2-20degradation,-20FA-20levels,-20elevation-20of-20purine-20nucleotides,-20decreased-20Mg2+,-20or-20increased-20pyruvate-20accumulation-20may-20initiate-20UCP-2Dmediated-20redox-20signaling.-0A-0A-0AFUTURE-20DIRECTIONS:-20Issues-20such-20as-20UCP2-20participation-20in-20glucose-20sensing,-20neuronal-20(synaptic)-20function,-20and-20immune-20cell-20activation-20should-20be-20elucidated." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

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