Bioblast quiz

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Exemplary quiz

Note: Questions in this exemplary quiz were used from a set of questions prepared for the MiPschool Tromso-Bergen 2018: The protonmotive force and respiratory control. 1. Coupling of electron transfer reactions to vectorial translocation of protons. 2. From Einstein’s diffusion equation on gradients to Fick’s law on compartments. - Gnaiger 2018 MiPschool Tromso A2

Only one correct answer.

1 Convert the molar format of the Gibbs force of reaction, Δ_kF_nO2 [kJ/mol], into the electrical format, Δ_kF_eO2 [V]. Which physicochemical constant is required?

constant

2 What is the meaning of the symbol z_O2?

	Charge number of O2 = 4
	Elementary charge of O2 in [C]
	Alphabetical order of O2 isotope
	Atomic number of O2 = 8

3 How are the units of electric energy [J] and electric force [V] related?

	V = J·C
	V = J/C
	V = J/(C·F)
	V = (J·F)/C

4 Express -460 kJ/mol O₂ as electrical force in units of volt [V].

	- 1.2 kV
	- 120 V
	1.2 V
	-1.2 V

5 Why should we do that?

	To express both in identical motive units [MU]
	To feel insecure
	To get free drinks
	To compliment our brain mitochondria

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Blue Book Bioblast Quiz

Blue Book chapter 1: basic questions

1 The Oroboros-O2k is primarily designed for which type of research?

	Glycolysis rate measurement
	Quantification of mitochondrial DNA
	Comprehensive mitochondrial function assessment, including oxygen consumption
	Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential only

2 Peter Mitchell's chemiosmotic coupling theory places fundamental importance on what concept for bioenergetics?

	Bioblasts as the systematic unit
	The operation of ATP synthase
	Mitochondrial DNA's function
	The role of cytochromes

3 Which is NOT a parameter measured by integrating fluorometry into high-resolution respirometry?

	Mitochondrial membrane potential changes
	H2O2 production
	O2 consumption rates
	Glucose uptake rates

4 What components constitute the protonmotive force (pmF) essential for ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

	Only ΔΨ
	ΔΨ and ΔpH
	Only ΔpH
	ΔΨ and solute concentration

5 High-resolution respirometry (HRR) is primarily used for what purpose?

	pH measurement of the mitochondrial matrix
	Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial respiration and function
	Measuring cellular glucose concentration
	Observing mitochondria physically

6 Oxygen concentration impacts mitochondrial respiratory control by:

	Directly determining the rate of glycolysis
	Influencing exergonic and endergonic reactions in OXPHOS
	Having no significant impact on mitochondrial function
	Being inversely proportional to the rate of ATP synthesis

7 The statement that mitochondrial fitness "solely depends on the genetic makeup of the individual" is:

	True, genetics are the only factor.
	Incorrect, as lifestyle and environmental factors also significantly influence mitochondrial fitness.
	Misleading, since mitochondrial fitness can be improved with supplements.
	True, but only in the context of mitochondrial diseases.

8 What does the term "bioblasts" refer to in the context of mitochondrial physiology?

	A specific type of mitochondria found in muscle cells.
	Enzymes involved in the electron transport chain.
	Elementary units or microorganisms acting wherever living forces are present, essentially mitochondria.
	The smallest units of DNA within mitochondria.

9 Which of the following is NOT a direct measurement capability of the Oroboros-O2k?

	H2O2 production
	Protein synthesis rates
	ATP production
	Calcium concentration

10 What components constitute the protonmotive force (pmF) essential for ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

	ΔΨ (mitochondrial membrane potential) and ΔpH
	Only ΔΨ
	Only ΔpH
	ΔΨ and solute concentration

11 High-resolution respirometry (HRR) is primarily used for what purpose?

	Measuring cellular glucose concentration
	pH measurement of the mitochondrial matrix
	Observing mitochondria physically
	Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial respiration and function

12 Oxygen concentration impacts mitochondrial respiratory control by:

	Directly determining the rate of glycolysis
	Being inversely proportional to the rate of ATP synthesis
	Having no significant impact on mitochondrial function
	Influencing exergonic and endergonic reactions in OXPHOS

13 The "Q-junction" in mitochondrial respiratory control serves as:

	The site of ATP synthesis
	A convergence point for multiple electron transport pathways
	The mitochondrial DNA replication site
	The location where glucose is converted into pyruvate

14 SUIT protocols in mitochondrial research are designed to:

	Disrupt mitochondrial DNA and study its effects on respiration
	Measure the physical size of mitochondria under different conditions
	Analyze the effects of substrates, uncouplers, and inhibitors on respiratory control
	Identify the best culture medium for mitochondrial growth

15 NADH-linked substrates are used in physiological respiratory states to:

	Represent substrates feeding electrons into the ETS, simulating physiological conditions
	Reflect the exclusive type of substrates used by mitochondria
	Demonstrate substrates irrelevant to mitochondrial physiology
	Bypass the electron transport system

16 The primary purpose of integrating fluorometry with high-resolution respirometry is to:

	Decrease the time required for each measurement
	Allow for the observation of mitochondrial shape and size
	Increase the resolution of respirometry measurements alone
	Enable simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption and other mitochondrial parameters

17 Which statement accurately describes the significance of LEAK respiration in the context of mitochondrial function?

	It is the maximum respiration rate achievable by mitochondria.
	It represents the energy consumed to maintain ionic gradients in the absence of ATP synthesis.
	It denotes the respiration process exclusive to glycolytic cells.
	It indicates the rate of oxygen consumption for ATP synthesis.

18 In mitochondrial research, the term "ET capacity" refers to:

	The maximum electron transport rate through the electron transport chain under optimal conditions.
	The ability of the endoplasmic reticulum to transfer proteins to mitochondria.
	The capacity for energy transfer within the mitochondrion.
	The enzyme titration capacity in metabolic pathways.

19 Which of the following is NOT a direct measurement capability of the Oroboros-O2k?

	ATP production rates
	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
	Calcium ion concentration in the mitochondrial matrix
	Mitochondrial DNA replication rates

20 The addition of fluorescent dyes in O2k-FluoRespirometer measurements allows for the assessment of:

	Nuclear DNA mutations
	Mitochondrial membrane potential changes
	The rate of glycolysis in mitochondria
	Membrane fluidity and viscosity

21 The primary purpose of substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocols in mitochondrial research is to:

	Investigate the effects of different substrates, uncouplers, and inhibitors on mitochondrial respiratory control
	Identify the optimal conditions for ATP synthesis
	Determine the maximum capacity of the electron transport system (ETS)
	Measure the physical dimensions of mitochondria under various metabolic conditions

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Blue Book chapter 1: Advanced questions

1 Given the formula for protonmotive force (pmF) as Δp = Δψ - 2.303 (RT/F) (ΔpH), where Δψ is the mitochondrial membrane potential, R is the gas constant, T is temperature in Kelvin, F is Faraday's constant, and ΔpH is the pH gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. If Δψ = 150 mV, T = 310 K, and ΔpH = 1, calculate the pmF in millivolts (mV). Assume R = 8.314 J/mol·K and F = 96485 C/mol.

	The pmF cannot be calculated without additional data
	Approximately 170 mV
	Approximately 130 mV
	Approximately 220 mV

2 The P/O ratio is an indicator of the efficiency of ATP synthesis relative to oxygen consumption. If 10 moles of ATP are produced for every 5 moles of oxygen consumed, what is the P/O ratio? What does this imply about the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency?

	P/O = 1; indicates a moderate efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
	The P/O ratio is irrelevant to oxidative phosphorylation efficiency
	P/O = 2; indicates a high efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
	P/O = 0.5; indicates a low efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation

3 Assuming the standard reduction potential (E°') for NADH → NAD+ is -0.320 V and for O2 → H2O is +0.815 V, calculate the ΔE°' for the electron transport from NADH to O2. What does ΔE°' indicate about the potential energy available for ATP synthesis?

	ΔE°' = 0.495 V; indicates a moderate potential energy available for ATP synthesis
	ΔE°' = 1.135 V; indicates a high potential energy available for ATP synthesis

4 If the inner mitochondrial membrane has a surface area of 5.0 × 10^6 μm^2 per mg of protein and each Complex I can pump 4 protons across the membrane, how many protons are pumped per second assuming a turnover number of 100 s^-1 for Complex I?

	2.0 × 10^9 protons per second
	Calculation cannot be completed without the number of Complex I per μm^2
	2.0 × 10^8 protons per second
	5.0 × 10^8 protons per second

5 Using the Gibbs free energy equation ΔG = ΔG°' + RT ln(Q), where ΔG°' is the standard free energy change, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and Q is the reaction quotient. Calculate the ΔG for ATP synthesis if ΔG°' = -30.5 kJ/mol, T = 310 K, and the ATP/ADP ratio (Q) is 10. Assume R = 8.314 J/(mol·K).

	Additional information is needed to calculate ΔG
	-35.2 kJ/mol
	-40.1 kJ/mol
	-45.6 kJ/mol

6 The efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation can be described by the equation η = (ΔG_ATP/ΔG_O2) × 100%, where ΔG_ATP is the free energy change for ATP synthesis, and ΔG_O2 is the free energy change for oxygen reduction. If ΔG_ATP = -50 kJ/mol and ΔG_O2 = -200 kJ/mol, what is the efficiency (η) of oxidative phosphorylation?

	25%
	75%
	100%
	50%

7 Consider a mitochondrial uncoupling scenario where the membrane potential (Δψ) is decreased by 50% without altering the proton gradient (ΔpH). Using the Nernst equation for protons, E = (RT/zF)ln([H+]out/[H+]in), predict how this change affects the pmF. Assume R, T, F, and z values remain constant.

	pmF decreases, but not by 50%
	pmF decreases by 50%
	pmF remains unchanged because ΔpH is constant
	Cannot predict without specific [H+]out/[H+]in values

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Chapter 1.2 specific questions

1 Which mitochondrial preparation technique is most suitable for studying the effects of specific drugs on ATP production?

	Tissue homogenates
	Isolated mitochondrial fractions
	Selectively permeabilized cells
	Whole-cell lysates

2 In the context of mitochondrial diseases, why is it crucial to maintain the integrity of mitochondrial membranes during preparation?

	To ensure the mitochondria can be visually distinguished under a microscope
	To prevent the release of mitochondrial DNA into the preparation medium
	To preserve the conditions necessary for accurate functional assays, such as measuring membrane potential
	To enhance the structural appearance of mitochondria for photography

3 Match the mitochondrial preparation with its primary research application. Select the best match for "isolated mitochondrial fractions."

	General screenings for mitochondrial content
	Observations of mitochondrial behavior in living cells
	Bioenergetic studies focusing on specific pathways
	Structural analysis of mitochondrial networks

4 Considering the role of mitochondria in apoptosis, which aspect of mitochondrial preparations is crucial for studying their involvement in cell death mechanisms?

	The coloration of mitochondria for easier identification
	The ability to replicate mitochondrial DNA in vitro
	Maintaining the outer membrane's permeability to cytochrome c
	The size comparison between healthy and apoptotic mitochondria

5 Which statement best reflects the importance of studying mitochondrial bioenergetics in the context of metabolic diseases?

	The research is only relevant for academic purposes, not clinical applications
	It allows for the identification of new mitochondrial shapes
	It primarily aids in the classification of mitochondrial sizes
	Understanding mitochondrial function can lead to targeted therapies for diseases like diabetes

6 In the process of selectively permeabilizing cells for mitochondrial studies, what is the main goal?

	To completely remove the cell nucleus
	To make mitochondria visible without staining
	To allow specific molecules to access mitochondria while preserving overall cellular and mitochondrial structure
	To isolate mitochondria for genetic engineering purposes

7 How does the concept of "bioblasts" relate to modern mitochondrial research?

	It highlights the historical view of mitochondria as autonomous entities
	It is a deprecated term with no relevance to current studies
	It emphasizes the integrated role of mitochondria within cellular bioenergetics
	It underscores the independence of mitochondria from cellular influence

8 What advantage does using tissue homogenates offer in mitochondrial bioenergetic studies?

	They simplify the study of mitochondria by removing all non-mitochondrial elements.
	They are used exclusively for determining the mitochondrial protein composition.
	They allow for the direct manipulation of mitochondrial DNA.
	They provide a means to study mitochondrial function in a context that includes interactions with other cell types and structures

9 In mitochondrial preparations, why is the assessment of ATP synthesis capacity critical for understanding diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's?

	ATP synthesis capacity directly correlates with the severity of neurodegenerative diseases.
	It can reveal the evolutionary origins of these diseases.
	Impaired ATP synthesis is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative conditions, affecting neuronal survival and function
	It helps in categorizing the diseases based on mitochondrial size.

10 Reflecting on the chapter's discussion, how do advancements in mitochondrial isolation techniques enhance our ability to treat metabolic disorders?

	Through the ability to transplant isolated mitochondria into patients
	They have no impact on treatment but offer insights into mitochondrial communication with extraterrestrial life
	By allowing for detailed study of mitochondrial function, leading to targeted therapeutic approaches
	By providing purely aesthetic insights into mitochondrial shape and structure

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