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List of results

• Catalase  + ('''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation o … '''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation of [[hydrogen peroxide]] to water and [[oxygen]]. Perhaps all cells have catalase, but mitochondria of most cells lack catalase. Cardiac mitochondria are exceptional in having mt-catalase activity (rat heart mitochondria: Radi et al 1991; mouse heart mitochondria: Rindler et al 2013). [[Hydroxylamine]] is an inhibitor of catalase, which is also inhibited by [[cyanide]] and [[azide]].</br></br>Mitochondrial respiration medium [[MiR05]] was developed considering the intracellular conditions of mitochondria in living cells. In mitochondrial preparations, enzymes and substrates present in the cytosol (such as catalase) are diluted when the plasma membrane is removed. Therefore, the addition of catalase is recommended when working with mitochondrial preparations, to consume any H₂O₂ generated during the assay.2</sub>O₂ generated during the assay.)
• Catalytic activity  + ('''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is m … '''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is measured by an enzyme assay and is expressed in units of katal (kat [mol∙s^-1]). More commonly (but not conforming to SI units or IUPAC recommendations) enzyme activity is expressed in units U [mol∙min^-1].tivity is expressed in units U [mol∙min^-1].)
• Cell culture media  + ('''Cell culture media''', like RPMI or DMEM, used for [[HRR]] of living cells.)
• Cell respiration  + ('''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic … '''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic fuels into the chemiosmotic coupling (bioenergetic) machinery of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being regulated by and regulating oxygen consumption (or consumption of an alternative final electron acceptor) and molecular redox states, ion gradients, mitochondrial (or microbial) membrane potential, the phosphorylation state of the ATP system, and heat dissipation in response to intrinsic and extrinsic energy demands. See also [[respirometry]].</br></br>In internal or '''cell respiration''' in contrast to [[fermentation]], redox balance is maintained by external electron acceptors, transported into the cell from the environment. The chemical potential between electron donors and electron acceptors drives the [[electron transfer pathway]], generating a chemiosmotic potential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.tential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.)
• Charge  + ('''Charge''' ''Q''_el is the quantity of electricity expressed in the SI unit coulomb [C]. ''Q''_el''X'' [C] indicates the charge carried by the quantity of a specified ion ''X''.)
• Check for updates - DatLab  + ('''Check for updates''': Frequently check … '''Check for updates''': Frequently check for updated DatLab 8 versions and follow the simple installation instruction if your computer running DatLab (Linux or Windows) is connected to internet. Alternatively, use a different computer connected to internet, download the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/download-update-datlab-8-for-linux/ update for Linux], and transfer it to the computer operating DatLab by USB (e.g. the O2k integrated PC). </br></br>More information: [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/datlab/ Oroboros Marketplace - DatLab]uct/datlab/ Oroboros Marketplace - DatLab])
• Chinese numerals  + ('''Chinese numerals''' The Arabic numeral … '''Chinese numerals'''</br>The Arabic numeral system used today in China was introduced to China by the Europeans in the early 17^th century. But the Chinese character-based number systems are still in use. The financial numerals are used only when writing an amount on a form for remitting money at a bank. They function as anti-fraud numerals. </br></br>The character 零 (zero) appeared very early in ancient Chinese writing. However, at that time, it did not mean "nothing", but "bits and pieces", "not much". 一百零五(105) means in Chinese: In addition to a hundred, there is a fraction of five. With the introduction of the Arabic numerals, 105 is exactly pronounced “one hundred zero five”, the character 零 corresponds exactly to the symbol 0. Thus, the character 零has the meaning of 0. But the character 〇 was one of the Chinese characters created and promulgated by the only empress (with greater achievements than countless emperors) in the history of China in 690 AD (much later than the invention of 0 in India) for the purpose of demonstrating her power. At that time the character 〇 meant “star”, representing a round planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero). planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero).)
• Chloroplasts  + ('''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; … '''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; plastes: the one who forms) are small structures within the cells that conduct [[photosynthesis]]. They are a type of organelle called plastids that are present in eukaryotic plant cells (algae, aquatic and terrestrial plants) and characterized by having two membranes and a high concentration of the pigment Chlorophyll. Like [[mitochondria]], they originated through the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria by an early eukaryotic cell and they have their own DNA which replicates during cell division. In addition to photosynthesis, in their internal matrix called stroma they also carry out other metabolic functions within the plant cells such as fatty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.ty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.)
• Choline dehydrogenase  + ('''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) … '''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) is bound to the inner mt-membrane, oxidizes choline in kidney and liver mitochondria, with electron transfer into the [[Q-junction]], and is thus part of the [[Electron transfer pathway]]. Analogous to [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII), electron transfer from choline dehydrogenase is FAD-linked downstream to Q. Choline is an [[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.[[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.)
• Citreoviridin  + ('''Citreoviridin''' is an inhibitor of the [[ATP synthase]] which, differently from the FO subunit binding inhibitor oligmycin, binds to the F1 subunit of the ATP synthase.)

• Coenzyme A  + ('''Coenzyme A''' is a coenzyme playing an essential role in the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] (oxidation of [[pyruvate]] to [[acetyl-CoA]]) and [[fatty acid oxidation]]. CoA is a thiol that reacts with carboxylic acids to form CoA-activated thioesters.)
• Coenzyme Q  + ('''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimeth … '''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone) was discovered in 1957 by the group of Crane. It is a lipid composed of a benzoquinone ring with an isoprenoid side chain, two methoxy groups and one methyl group. The length of the isoprenoid chain varies depending on the species; for example, six isoprenoid units (CoQ₆) is the most commonly found CoQ in ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', eight units in ''Escherichia coli'' (CoQ₈), nine units in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' and rodents (CoQ₉), ten units in humans (CoQ₁₀), and some species have more than one CoQ form, e.g. human and rodent mitochondria contain different proportions of CoQ₉ and CoQ₁₀. These redox compounds exist in three different forms: [[quinone]] (oxidized), [[quinol]] (reduced), and an intermediate [[semiquinone]].</br></br>''More details'' » '''[[Q-junction]]'''[Q-junction]]''')
• Comorbidity  + ('''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogen … '''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogenic lifestyle-induced early aging. These are preventable, non-communicable diseases with strong associations to obesity. In many studies, cause and effect in the sequence of onset of comorbidities remain elusive. Chronic degenerative diseases are commonly obesity-induced. The search for the link between obesity and the etiology of diverse preventable diseases lead to the hypothesis, that mitochondrial dysfunction is the common mechanism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.nism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.)
• Complex I  + ('''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidor … '''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase''' (EC 1.6.5.3), is an enzyme complex of the [[Electron transfer pathway]], a [[proton pump]] across the inner mt-membrane, responsible for electron transfer to [[ubiquinone]] from [[NADH]] formed in the mt-matrix. CI forms a [[supercomplex]] with [[Complex III]]. There is a widespread ambiguity on the 'lonely H⁺ (the lonely [[hydron]])' surrounding Complex I: [[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].[[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].)
• Complex III  + ('''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochro … '''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochrome c - oxidoreductase, sometimes also called the cytochrome ''bc''₁ complex is a complex of the [[electron transfer pathway]]. It catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome ''c'' by oxidation of [[coenzyme Q]] (CoQ) and the concomitant [[Proton pump|pumping of 4 protons]] from the cathodic (negative) mitochondrial matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.l matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.)
• Complex IV  + ('''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' ox … '''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' oxidase''' is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial [[electron transfer system]], reducing [[oxygen]] to [[water]], with reduced [[cytochrome c |cytochrome ''c'']] as a substrate. Concomitantly to that, CIV [[Proton pump|pumps protons]] against the electrochemical protonmotive force. CIV is frequently abbreviated as COX or CcO. It is the 'ferment' (Atmungsferment) of Otto Warburg, shown to be related to the cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.he cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.)
• Ammonia solution concentrated  + ('''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % … '''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % - 30 % ammonium hydroxide solution, ammonia) is used for the service of the polarographic oxygen sensor OroboPOS. After opening the commercial solution, the concentration of ammonia may decline during storage and may render the ammonia stock ineffective for sensor service.</br></br>'''Source:''' A commercially available solution from a drugstore is sufficient for this cleaning purposere is sufficient for this cleaning purpose)
• Concentration  + ('''Concentration''' [mol·L<sup>-1< … '''Concentration''' [mol·L^-1] is a volume-specific quantity for diluted [[sample]]s s. In a concentration, the sample is expressed in a variety of [[format]]s: [[count]], amount, [[charge]], [[mass]], [[energy]]. In solution chemistry, amount concentration is [[amount of substance]] ''n''_B per volume ''V'' of the solution, ''c''_B = [B] = ''n''_B·''V''^-1 [mol·dm^-3] = [mol·L^-1]. The standard concentration, ''c''°, is defined as 1 mol·L^-1 = 1 M. [[Count]] concentration ''C_X'' = ''N_X''·''V''^-1 [x·L^-1] is the concentration of the number ''N_X'' of elementary entities ''X'', for which the less appropriate term 'number concentration' is used by [[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]. If the sample is expressed as volume ''V''_s (''e.g.'', ''V''_O₂), then the 'volume-concentration' of ''V''_s in ''V'' is termed '[[volume fraction]]', ''Φ''_s = ''V''_s·''V''^-1 (''e.g.'', volume fraction of O₂ in dry air, ''Φ''_O₂) = 0.20946). [[Density]] is the mass concentration in a volume ''V''_S of pure sample S. </br></br>A ''change'' of concentration, d''c''_X, in isolated or closed [[system]]s at constant [[volume]] is due to internal transformations ([[advancement per volume]]) only. In closed compressible systems (with a gas phase), the concentration of the gas changes, when pressure-volume work is performed on the system. In open systems, a change of concentration can additionally be due to [[external flow]] across the system boundaries.flow]] across the system boundaries.)
• Connect to O2k - DatLab 7  + ('''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with … '''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with the O2k. Select the [[USB port]] (or [[Serial port]]) with the corresponding cable connecting your PC to the O2k. Select the subdirectory for saving the [[DatLab data file| DLD file]]. Then data recording starts with experimental time set at zero.starts with experimental time set at zero.)
• Coupled respiration  + ('''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative … '''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative phosphorylation of the diphosphate [[ADP]] to the triphosphate [[ATP]], mediated by proton pumps across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Intrinsically [[uncoupled respiration]], in contrast, does not lead to phosphorylation of ADP, despite of protons being pumped across the inner mt-membrane. Coupled respiration, therefore, is the coupled part of respiratory oxygen flux that pumps the fraction of protons across the inner mt-membrane which is utilized by the phosphorylation system to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. In the OXPHOS state, mitochondria are in a partially coupled state, and the corresponding coupled respiration is the [[free OXPHOS capacity]]. In the state of ROUTINE respiration, coupled respiration is the [[free ROUTINE activity]].[[free ROUTINE activity]].)