Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• Basal respiration  + ('''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabo … '''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabolic rate''' (BMR) is the minimal rate of metabolism required to support basic body functions, essential for maintenance only. BMR (in humans) is measured at rest 12 to 14 hours after eating in a physically and mentally relaxed state at thermally neutral room temperature. Maintenance energy requirements include mainly the metabolic costs of protein turnover and ion homeostasis. In many aerobic organisms, and particularly well studied in mammals, BMR is fully aerobic, i.e. direct calorimetry (measurement of [[heat dissipation]]) and indirect calorimetry (measurement of oxygen consumption multiplied by the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]) agree within errors of measurement (Blaxter KL 1962. The energy metabolism of ruminants. Hutchinson, London: 332 pp [1]). In many cultured mammalian cells, aerobic glycolysis contributes to total ATP turnover ([[Gnaiger_1990_Biochim Biophys Acta|Gnaiger and Kemp 1990]] [2]), and under these conditions, '[[respiration]]' is not equivalent to '[[metabolic rate]]'. Basal respiration in humans and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function (oxygen kinetics) are correlated ([[Larsen_2011_FASEB J|Larsen et al 2011]] [3]).</br>» [[Basal_respiration#Basal_respiration_in_physiology.2C_cellular_bioenergetics_and_mitochondrial_physiology | '''MiPNet article''']][Basal_respiration#Basal_respiration_in_physiology.2C_cellular_bioenergetics_and_mitochondrial_physiology | '''MiPNet article''']])
• Elamipretide  + ('''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was de … '''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with [[cardiolipin]] in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart.tide treatment in the failing human heart.)
• Beryllium sulfate  + ('''Beryllium sulfate''' is used in combination with [[sodium fluoride]] to form beryllium trifluoride (BeF³⁻), to inhibit the [[ATP synthase]] if it is exposed by disruption of the mitochondrial membranes.)
• MitObesity drugs  + ('''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are d … '''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria.chanisms of action targeting mitochondria.)
• Biological reference interval  + ('''Biological reference interval''' or reference interval is the central 95 % interval of the distribution of reference values.)
• Biopsy preservation solution  + ('''Biopsy preservation solution''', for preservation of tissue samples, preparation of muscle fibres, and permeabilization with [[saponin]].)
• Blebbistatin  + ('''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle … '''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle and non-muscle myosin II-specific inhibitor that block contractile activity. Blebbistatin shows selectivity and high affinity for multiple class II myosins. Blebbistatin is commonly employed in respirometric experiments with permeabilized muscle fibers (pfi). Permeabilized muscle fibers are sensitive to low oxygen supply due to diffusion restrictions that limit mitochondrial respiration at the core of the fiber bundle. Therefore, hyperoxic conditions are required to counteract this limitation. Further studies have shown that the addition of blebbistatin in the respiration medium prevents fiber contraction, reduces the oxygen sensitivity and allows the study of ADP kinetics in pfi at normoxic oxygen levels. However, other studies described that the presence of blebbistatin does not prevent the oxygen dependence in pfi. Moreover, several limitations of blebbistatin i.e. low solubility in water, cytotoxicity and phototoxicity have been described.ity and phototoxicity have been described.)
• Blood cell preparation  + ('''Blood cell preparation''' (bcp) is one of the key steps in diagnostic protocols.)
• Blood plasma  + ('''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular com … '''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular component of the blood. Plasma lacks cellular components of the blood, [[red blood cell]]s, [[white blood cell]]s, and [[platelet]]s. However, there are many proteins in plasma, i.e. fibrinogen, albumin and globulin. Both blood plasma and [[platelet-rich plasma]] maintain clotting activity after whole blood separation.ing activity after whole blood separation.)
• Blood serum  + ('''Blood serum''' is a purified plasma in … '''Blood serum''' is a purified plasma in which the coagulant components were removed from the [[blood plasma]]. It contains other substances, i.e. antibodies, antigens and hormones. Serum can be obtained by collecting the liquid phase after blood or plasma coagulation.d phase after blood or plasma coagulation.)
• Bongkrekik acid  + ('''Bongkrekik acid''' is a selective and potent inhibitor of the [[adenine nucleotide translocator]] (ANT). Bka binds to the matrix (negative) site of ANT, opposite of [[carboxyatractyloside]].)
• CE  + ('''CE''' marking is a mandatory conformity marking for certain products sold within the European Economic Area (EEA).)
• CHNO-fuel substrate  + ('''CHNO-fuel substrates''' are reduced car … '''CHNO-fuel substrates''' are reduced carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxygen substrates which are oxidized in the [[exergonic]] process of [[cell respiration]]. Mitochondrial pathways are stimulated by CHNO-fuel substrates feeding electrons into the [[ETS]] at different levels of integration and in the presence or absence of inhibitors acting on specific enzymes which are gate-keepers and control various pathway segments.pers and control various pathway segments.)
• COPE core practices for research  + ('''COPE core practices for research''' are applicable to all involved in publishing scholarly literature.)
• Calcium  + ('''Ca²⁺''' is a maj … '''Ca²⁺''' is a major signaling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its cytoplasmic concentration is tightly regulated by transporters in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of various organelles. For this purpose, it is either extruded from the cell through exchangers and pumps or stored in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Changes in the concentration of the cation regulate numerous enzymes including many involved in ATP utilizing and in ATP generating pathways and thus ultimately control metabolic activity of mitochondria and of the entire cell. Measuring changes in Ca²⁺ levels is thus of considerable interest in the context of [[high-resolution respirometry]].[[high-resolution respirometry]].)
• Calcium Green  + ('''Calcium Green'''<sup>TM</sup&g … '''Calcium Green'''^TM (CaG) denotes a family of [[extrinsic fluorophores]] applied for measurement of Ca²⁺ concentration with [[mitochondrial preparations]]. This dye fluoresces when bound to Ca²⁺. When measuring mitochondrial calcium uptake it is possible to observe the increase of the CaG signal upon calcium titration, followed by the decrease of CaG signal due to the uptake.n calcium titration, followed by the decrease of CaG signal due to the uptake.)
• Calorespirometry  + ('''Calorespirometry''' is the method of me … '''Calorespirometry''' is the method of measuring simultaneously metabolic heat flux ([[calorimetry]]) and oxygen flux ([[respirometry]]). The [[calorespirometric ratio]] (CR ratio; heat/oxygen flux ratio) is thus experimentally determined and can be compared with the theoretical [[oxycaloric equivalent]], as a test of the aerobic energy balance., as a test of the aerobic energy balance.)
• Carbohydrate  + ('''Carbohydrates''', also known as '''sacc … '''Carbohydrates''', also known as '''saccharides''', are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These molecules can be divided by size and complexity into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. [[Glucose]] is a monosaccharide considered the primary source of energy in cells and a metabolic intermediate. This carbohydrate undergoes glycolysis, with the generation of [[pyruvate]], that can enter the [[TCA cycle]]. </br></br>Carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose may also be involved in the [[Crabtree effect]].[[Crabtree effect]].)
• Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone  + ('''Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazo … '''Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone''', CCCP (U; C₉H₅ClN₄; ''F''_W = 204.62) is a protonophore (H⁺ ionophore) and is used as a potent chemical [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Like all uncouplers, CCCP concentrations must be titrated carefully to evaluated the optimum concentration for maximum stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher CCCP concentrations.ochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher CCCP concentrations.)
• Carboxy SNARF 1  + ('''Carboxy SNARF® 1''' is a cell-impermean … '''Carboxy SNARF® 1''' is a cell-impermeant pH indicator dye. The pKa of ~7.5 makes it useful for measuring pH in the range of pH 7 to pH 8. The emission shifts from yellow-orange at low pH to deep red fluorescence at high pH. Ratiometric fluorometry, therefore, is applied at two emission wavelengths,such as 580 nm and 640 nm.</br></br>Relative molecular mass: ''M''_r = 453.45molecular mass: ''M''_r = 453.45)
• Carboxyatractyloside  + ('''Carboxyatractyloside''' CAT is a highly … '''Carboxyatractyloside''' CAT is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of the [[adenine nucleotide translocator]] (ANT). CAT stabilizes the nucleoside binding site of ANT on the cytoplasmic (positive) side of the inner membrane and blocks the exchange of matrix ATP and cytoplasmic ADP. It causes stabilization of the ''c'' conformation of ANT leading to permeability transition pore (PTP) opening, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis.ondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis.)
• Cardiolipin  + ('''Cardiolipin''', CL, is a double phospho … '''Cardiolipin''', CL, is a double phospholipid (having 4 fatty acyl chains) in the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM) which plays an important role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. CL is involved in the mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis, participates in the function and stabilization of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and supercomplexes and also contributes to mitochondrial integrity.</br> Contributed by [[Sparagna G]] 2016-04-18[[Sparagna G]] 2016-04-18)
• Carnitine O-octanoyltransferase  + ('''Carnitine O-octanoyltransferase''' is a mitochondrial enzyme that transfers [[carnitine]] to octanoyl-CoA to form [[Coenzyme A]] and [[octanoylcarnitine]]: Octanoyl-CoA + L-carnitine ↔ CoA + L-octanoylcarnitine.)
• Carnitine acetyltransferase  + ('''Carnitine acetyltransferase''' (CrAT) i … '''Carnitine acetyltransferase''' (CrAT) is located in the mitochondrial matrix and catalyses the formation of acetyl-carnitine from acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine and thus regulates the acetyl-CoA/free CoA ratio which is essential for [[pyruvate dehydrogenase]] complex (PDC) activity.[[pyruvate dehydrogenase]] complex (PDC) activity.)
• Carnitine acyltransferase  + ('''Carnitine acyltransferases''' mediate t … '''Carnitine acyltransferases''' mediate the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mt-membrane by binding them to carnitine. First, long-chain fatty acids are activated by an energy-requiring step in which the fatty acid ester of CoA is formed enzymatically at the expense of ATP. The fatty acids then pass through the inner mt-membrane and enter the mitochondria as carnitine esters ([[acylcarnitine]]s). The fatty acyl group is then transferred from carnitine to intramitochondrial CoA and the resulting fatty acyl CoA is used as a substrate in the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) cycle in the mt-matrix.id oxidation (FAO) cycle in the mt-matrix.)
• Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I  + ('''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I''' (CP … '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I''' (CPT-I, also known as carnitine acyltransferase I) is a regulatory enzyme in mitochondrial long-chain acyl-CoA uptake and further oxidation. CPT-I is associated with the mt-outer membrane mtOM and catalyses the formation of [[acylcarnitine]]s from acyl-CoA and L-carnitine. In the next step, acyl-carnitines are transported to the mitochondrial matrix via [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] in exchange for free [[carnitine]]. In the inner side of the mtIM [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase II]] converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs. There are three enzyme isoforms: CPT-1A (liver type), CPT-1B (muscle type), CPT-1C (brain type). Isoforms have significantly different kinetic and regulatory properties. Malonyl-CoA is an endogenous inhibitor of CPT-I.l-CoA is an endogenous inhibitor of CPT-I.)
• Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II  + ('''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II''' (C … '''Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II''' (CPT-II, also known as carnitine acyltransferase II) is part of the carnitine shuttle which is responsible for the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids. CPT-II is located on the inner side of the mtIM and converts the [[acylcarnitine]]s (produced in the reaction catalyzed by [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]]) to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Free carnitines are transported out of the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for acyl-carnitines via an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT). Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport.itine shuttle for mitochondrial transport.)
• Carnitine  + ('''Carnitine''' is an important factor for … '''Carnitine''' is an important factor for the transport of long-chain fatty acids bound to carnitine ([[carnitine acyltransferase]]) into the mitochondrial matrix for subsequent β-oxidation. There are two enantiomers: D- and L-carnitine. Only the L-isomer is physiologically active.ly the L-isomer is physiologically active.)
• Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase  + ('''Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase''' … '''Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase''' (CACT) is part of the carnitine shuttle which mediates the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids where the [[fatty acid oxidation]] occurs. </br>CACT is an internal mt-IM protein and transports [[acylcarnitine]]s into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free [[carnitine]].[[carnitine]].)
• Malate transport  + ('''Carriers for malate: * [[dicarboxylate carrier]] * [[tricarboxylate carrier]] * [[2-oxoglutarate carrier]])
• Catalase  + ('''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation o … '''Catalase''' catalyzes the dismutation of [[hydrogen peroxide]] to water and [[oxygen]]. Perhaps all cells have catalase, but mitochondria of most cells lack catalase. Cardiac mitochondria are exceptional in having mt-catalase activity (rat heart mitochondria: Radi et al 1991; mouse heart mitochondria: Rindler et al 2013). [[Hydroxylamine]] is an inhibitor of catalase, which is also inhibited by [[cyanide]] and [[azide]].</br></br>Mitochondrial respiration medium [[MiR05]] was developed considering the intracellular conditions of mitochondria in living cells. In mitochondrial preparations, enzymes and substrates present in the cytosol (such as catalase) are diluted when the plasma membrane is removed. Therefore, the addition of catalase is recommended when working with mitochondrial preparations, to consume any H₂O₂ generated during the assay.2</sub>O₂ generated during the assay.)
• Catalytic activity  + ('''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is m … '''Catalytic activity''' of an enzyme is measured by an enzyme assay and is expressed in units of katal (kat [mol∙s^-1]). More commonly (but not conforming to SI units or IUPAC recommendations) enzyme activity is expressed in units U [mol∙min^-1].tivity is expressed in units U [mol∙min^-1].)
• Cell culture media  + ('''Cell culture media''', like RPMI or DMEM, used for [[HRR]] of living cells.)
• Cell respiration  + ('''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic … '''Cell respiration''' channels metabolic fuels into the chemiosmotic coupling (bioenergetic) machinery of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being regulated by and regulating oxygen consumption (or consumption of an alternative final electron acceptor) and molecular redox states, ion gradients, mitochondrial (or microbial) membrane potential, the phosphorylation state of the ATP system, and heat dissipation in response to intrinsic and extrinsic energy demands. See also [[respirometry]].</br></br>In internal or '''cell respiration''' in contrast to [[fermentation]], redox balance is maintained by external electron acceptors, transported into the cell from the environment. The chemical potential between electron donors and electron acceptors drives the [[electron transfer pathway]], generating a chemiosmotic potential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.tential that in turn drives ATP synthesis.)
• Charge  + ('''Charge''' ''Q''_el is the quantity of electricity expressed in the SI unit coulomb [C]. ''Q''_el''X'' [C] indicates the charge carried by the quantity of a specified ion ''X''.)
• Check for updates - DatLab  + ('''Check for updates''': Frequently check … '''Check for updates''': Frequently check for updated DatLab 8 versions and follow the simple installation instruction if your computer running DatLab (Linux or Windows) is connected to internet. Alternatively, use a different computer connected to internet, download the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/download-update-datlab-8-for-linux/ update for Linux], and transfer it to the computer operating DatLab by USB (e.g. the O2k integrated PC). </br></br>More information: [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/datlab/ Oroboros Marketplace - DatLab]uct/datlab/ Oroboros Marketplace - DatLab])
• Chinese numerals  + ('''Chinese numerals''' The Arabic numeral … '''Chinese numerals'''</br>The Arabic numeral system used today in China was introduced to China by the Europeans in the early 17^th century. But the Chinese character-based number systems are still in use. The financial numerals are used only when writing an amount on a form for remitting money at a bank. They function as anti-fraud numerals. </br></br>The character 零 (zero) appeared very early in ancient Chinese writing. However, at that time, it did not mean "nothing", but "bits and pieces", "not much". 一百零五(105) means in Chinese: In addition to a hundred, there is a fraction of five. With the introduction of the Arabic numerals, 105 is exactly pronounced “one hundred zero five”, the character 零 corresponds exactly to the symbol 0. Thus, the character 零has the meaning of 0. But the character 〇 was one of the Chinese characters created and promulgated by the only empress (with greater achievements than countless emperors) in the history of China in 690 AD (much later than the invention of 0 in India) for the purpose of demonstrating her power. At that time the character 〇 meant “star”, representing a round planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero). planet. It is now used as a synonym for the 零 (zero).)
• Chloroplasts  + ('''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; … '''Chloroplasts''' (Greek chloros: green; plastes: the one who forms) are small structures within the cells that conduct [[photosynthesis]]. They are a type of organelle called plastids that are present in eukaryotic plant cells (algae, aquatic and terrestrial plants) and characterized by having two membranes and a high concentration of the pigment Chlorophyll. Like [[mitochondria]], they originated through the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria by an early eukaryotic cell and they have their own DNA which replicates during cell division. In addition to photosynthesis, in their internal matrix called stroma they also carry out other metabolic functions within the plant cells such as fatty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.ty acid synthesis or amino acid synthesis.)
• Choline dehydrogenase  + ('''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) … '''Choline dehydrogenase''' (EC 1.1.99.1) is bound to the inner mt-membrane, oxidizes choline in kidney and liver mitochondria, with electron transfer into the [[Q-junction]], and is thus part of the [[Electron transfer pathway]]. Analogous to [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII), electron transfer from choline dehydrogenase is FAD-linked downstream to Q. Choline is an [[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.[[ET-pathway substrate types]] 3.)
• Citreoviridin  + ('''Citreoviridin''' is an inhibitor of the [[ATP synthase]] which, differently from the FO subunit binding inhibitor oligmycin, binds to the F1 subunit of the ATP synthase.)

• Coenzyme A  + ('''Coenzyme A''' is a coenzyme playing an essential role in the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] (oxidation of [[pyruvate]] to [[acetyl-CoA]]) and [[fatty acid oxidation]]. CoA is a thiol that reacts with carboxylic acids to form CoA-activated thioesters.)
• Coenzyme Q  + ('''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimeth … '''Coenzyme Q''' or ubiquinone (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone) was discovered in 1957 by the group of Crane. It is a lipid composed of a benzoquinone ring with an isoprenoid side chain, two methoxy groups and one methyl group. The length of the isoprenoid chain varies depending on the species; for example, six isoprenoid units (CoQ₆) is the most commonly found CoQ in ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', eight units in ''Escherichia coli'' (CoQ₈), nine units in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' and rodents (CoQ₉), ten units in humans (CoQ₁₀), and some species have more than one CoQ form, e.g. human and rodent mitochondria contain different proportions of CoQ₉ and CoQ₁₀. These redox compounds exist in three different forms: [[quinone]] (oxidized), [[quinol]] (reduced), and an intermediate [[semiquinone]].</br></br>''More details'' » '''[[Q-junction]]'''[Q-junction]]''')
• Comorbidity  + ('''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogen … '''Comorbidities''' are common in obesogenic lifestyle-induced early aging. These are preventable, non-communicable diseases with strong associations to obesity. In many studies, cause and effect in the sequence of onset of comorbidities remain elusive. Chronic degenerative diseases are commonly obesity-induced. The search for the link between obesity and the etiology of diverse preventable diseases lead to the hypothesis, that mitochondrial dysfunction is the common mechanism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.nism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.)
• Complex I  + ('''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidor … '''Complex I''', '''NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase''' (EC 1.6.5.3), is an enzyme complex of the [[Electron transfer pathway]], a [[proton pump]] across the inner mt-membrane, responsible for electron transfer to [[ubiquinone]] from [[NADH]] formed in the mt-matrix. CI forms a [[supercomplex]] with [[Complex III]]. There is a widespread ambiguity on the 'lonely H⁺ (the lonely [[hydron]])' surrounding Complex I: [[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].[[Ambiguity crisis - NAD and H+ |CI ambiguities]].)
• Complex III  + ('''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochro … '''Complex III''' or coenzyme Q : cytochrome c - oxidoreductase, sometimes also called the cytochrome ''bc''₁ complex is a complex of the [[electron transfer pathway]]. It catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome ''c'' by oxidation of [[coenzyme Q]] (CoQ) and the concomitant [[Proton pump|pumping of 4 protons]] from the cathodic (negative) mitochondrial matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.l matrix to the anodic (positive) intermembrane space.)
• Complex IV  + ('''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' ox … '''Complex IV''' or '''cytochrome ''c'' oxidase''' is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial [[electron transfer system]], reducing [[oxygen]] to [[water]], with reduced [[cytochrome c |cytochrome ''c'']] as a substrate. Concomitantly to that, CIV [[Proton pump|pumps protons]] against the electrochemical protonmotive force. CIV is frequently abbreviated as COX or CcO. It is the 'ferment' (Atmungsferment) of Otto Warburg, shown to be related to the cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.he cytochromes discovered by David Keilin.)
• Ammonia solution concentrated  + ('''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % … '''Concentrated ammonia solution''' (25 % - 30 % ammonium hydroxide solution, ammonia) is used for the service of the polarographic oxygen sensor OroboPOS. After opening the commercial solution, the concentration of ammonia may decline during storage and may render the ammonia stock ineffective for sensor service.</br></br>'''Source:''' A commercially available solution from a drugstore is sufficient for this cleaning purposere is sufficient for this cleaning purpose)
• Concentration  + ('''Concentration''' [mol·L<sup>-1< … '''Concentration''' [mol·L^-1] is a volume-specific quantity for diluted [[sample]]s s. In a concentration, the sample is expressed in a variety of [[format]]s: [[count]], amount, [[charge]], [[mass]], [[energy]]. In solution chemistry, amount concentration is [[amount of substance]] ''n''_B per volume ''V'' of the solution, ''c''_B = [B] = ''n''_B·''V''^-1 [mol·dm^-3] = [mol·L^-1]. The standard concentration, ''c''°, is defined as 1 mol·L^-1 = 1 M. [[Count]] concentration ''C_X'' = ''N_X''·''V''^-1 [x·L^-1] is the concentration of the number ''N_X'' of elementary entities ''X'', for which the less appropriate term 'number concentration' is used by [[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]. If the sample is expressed as volume ''V''_s (''e.g.'', ''V''_O₂), then the 'volume-concentration' of ''V''_s in ''V'' is termed '[[volume fraction]]', ''Φ''_s = ''V''_s·''V''^-1 (''e.g.'', volume fraction of O₂ in dry air, ''Φ''_O₂) = 0.20946). [[Density]] is the mass concentration in a volume ''V''_S of pure sample S. </br></br>A ''change'' of concentration, d''c''_X, in isolated or closed [[system]]s at constant [[volume]] is due to internal transformations ([[advancement per volume]]) only. In closed compressible systems (with a gas phase), the concentration of the gas changes, when pressure-volume work is performed on the system. In open systems, a change of concentration can additionally be due to [[external flow]] across the system boundaries.flow]] across the system boundaries.)
• Connect to O2k  + ('''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with … '''Connect to O2k''' connects DatLab with the O2k. Select the [[USB port]] (or [[Serial port]]) with the corresponding cable connecting your PC to the O2k. Select the subdirectory for saving the [[DatLab data file| DLD file]]. Then data recording starts with experimental time set at zero.starts with experimental time set at zero.)
• Coupled respiration  + ('''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative … '''Coupled respiration''' drives oxidative phosphorylation of the diphosphate [[ADP]] to the triphosphate [[ATP]], mediated by proton pumps across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Intrinsically [[uncoupled respiration]], in contrast, does not lead to phosphorylation of ADP, despite of protons being pumped across the inner mt-membrane. Coupled respiration, therefore, is the coupled part of respiratory oxygen flux that pumps the fraction of protons across the inner mt-membrane which is utilized by the phosphorylation system to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. In the OXPHOS state, mitochondria are in a partially coupled state, and the corresponding coupled respiration is the [[free OXPHOS capacity]]. In the state of ROUTINE respiration, coupled respiration is the [[free ROUTINE activity]].[[free ROUTINE activity]].)
• Coupling-control efficiency  + ('''Coupling-control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]] ''j_Z-Y'' at a constant [[ET-pathway competent state]].)
• Coupling-control ratio  + ('''Coupling-control ratios''' ''CCR'' are … '''Coupling-control ratios''' ''CCR'' are [[flux control ratio]]s ''FCR'' at a constant mitochondrial [[pathway-control state]]. In mitochondrial preparations, there are three well-defined coupling states of respiration: [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], and [[Electron transfer pathway |Electron-transfer-pathway state]] (ET state). In these states, the corresponding respirtory rates are symbolized as ''L'', ''P'', and ''E''. In living cells, the OXPHOS state cannot be induced, but in the [[ROUTINE]] state the respiration rate is ''R''. A reference rate ''Z'' is defined by taking ''Z'' as the maximum flux, i.e. flux ''E'' in the ET-state, such that the lower and upper limits of the ''CCR'' are defined as 0.0 and 1.0. Then there are two mitochondrial ''CCR'', [[L/E |''L/E'']] and [[P/E |''P/E'']], and two ''CCR'' for living cells, [[L/E |''L/E'']] and [[ROUTINE-control ratio |''R/E'']].[[ROUTINE-control ratio |''R/E'']].)
• Coupling-control state  + ('''Coupling-control states''' are defined … '''Coupling-control states''' are defined in [[mitochondrial preparations]] (isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, permeabilized tissues, homogenates) as [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], and [[ET-pathway |ET]] states, with corresponding respiration rates (''L, P, E'') in any [[electron-transfer-pathway state]] which is competent for electron transfer. These coupling states are induced by titration of ADP and uncouplers, and application of specific inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation pathway]]. In [[living cells]], the coupling-control states are [[LEAK respiration]], [[ROUTINE]], and [[ET pathway |ET]] states of respiration with corresponding rates ''L, R, E'', using membrane-permeable inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation system]] (e.g. [[oligomycin]]) and [[uncoupler]]s (e.g. [[CCCP]]). [[Coupling-control protocol]]s induce these coupling-control states sequentially at a constant [[electron-transfer-pathway state]].[[electron-transfer-pathway state]].)
• Creatine  + ('''Creatine''' is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps primarily muscle cells to supply energy by increasing the formation of adenosine triphosphate ([[ATP]]).)
• Curcumin  + ('''Curcumin''' has been shown to possess s … '''Curcumin''' has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-coagulant and anti-infective effects. The protective effects of curcumin on rat heart mitochondrial injuries induced by in vitro anoxia–reoxygenation were evaluated by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984717 Xu et al 2013]. It was found that curcumin added before anoxia or immediately prior to reoxygenation exhibited remarkable protective effects against anoxia–reoxygenation induced oxidative damage to mitochondria. induced oxidative damage to mitochondria.)
• Electric current  + ('''Current''' or electric [[flow]] … '''Current''' or electric [[flow]] ''I''_el is the [[advancement]] of [[charge]] per unit of time, expressed in the SI base unit [[ampere]] [C·s^-1 = A]. Electrons or ions are the current-carrying [[motive entity |motive entities]] of electric flow. Electrons e^- are negatively charged subatomic particles carrying 'negative electricity' with a mass that is about 1/1700 of the smallest particle — the proton — carrying 'positive electricity' (Thompson 1906). Correspondingly the [[velocity]] of electrons is much higher than that of protons or any other (larger) ion. Current is the velocity ''v'' of paticles times the number of motive charges. Therefore, electron current ''I''_e^- is of a different nature from electric current ''I''_el''χ'' carried by all species ''i'' of ions ''X_i'' (cations and anions) summarized as ''χ'' = Σ(''z_i''·''X_i''). Whereas ''I''_e^- is the net translocation of electrons moving forwards and backwards, ''I''_el''χ'' is the net translocation of charges carried by different cations and anions. In contrast, ion current ''I''_elX of a specific ion X is the partial translocation of charges carried by net translocation of ion X only. If cation current ''I''_elX⁺ is antagonized entirely by counterion current ''I''_elY^- as the process of antiport, then the electric current ''I''_el''χ'' is zero. The (net) electric current in a compartmental system is driven by the electric force Δ_el''F''_p⁺ or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''_p⁺, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference.tal system is driven by the electric force Δ_el''F''_p⁺ or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''_p⁺, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference.)
• Cuvettes  + ('''Cuvettes''' are used in [[fluorometry]] … '''Cuvettes''' are used in [[fluorometry]] and [[transmission spectrophotometry]] to contain the samples. Use of the term 'cells' for cuvettes is discouraged, to avoid confusion with 'living cells'. Traditionally cuvettes have a square cross-section (10 x 10 mm). For many applications they are made of transparent plastic. Glass cells are used where samples may contain plastic solvents, and for some applications requiring measurements below 300 nm, quartz glass or high purity fused silica cuvettes may be necessary.ty fused silica cuvettes may be necessary.)
• Cyanide  + ('''Cyanide''' (usually added as KCN) is a competitive inhibitor of [[Complex_IV| cytochcrome ''c'' oxidase (CIV)]]. Inhibition is reversed by pyruvate and high oxygen levels.)
• Cyclic voltammetry - DatLab  + ('''Cyclic voltammetry''')
• Cyclic voltammetry  + ('''Cyclic voltammetry''' (CV) is a type of … '''Cyclic voltammetry''' (CV) is a type of electrochemical measurement which is applied with the [[Q-Module]] as quality control to </br>(''1'') determine the oxidation and reduction peak potentials of [[Coenzyme Q]] in the specific experimental condition, (2) check the quality of the [[Q-Sensor]], and (''3'') test the interference of chemicals used in the HRR assay with the Q-Sensor. In CV, the [[Q-Sensor]] with the [[three-electrode system]] is used to obtain information about the analyte ([[Coenzyme Q|CoQ]]) by measuring the current (''I'') as the electric potential (''V'') between two of the electrodes is varied. In CV the electric potential between the glassy carbon (GC) and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode changes linearly versus time in cyclical phases, while the current is detected between GC and platinum electrode (Pt). The detected current is plotted versus the applied voltage to obtain the typical cyclic voltammogram trace (Figure 1). The presence of substances that are oxidized/reduced will result in current between GC and Pt, which can be seen as characteristic peaks in the voltammogram at a defined potential. The oxidation or the reduction peak potential values are used to set the GC (integrated into the [[Q-Sensor]]) for a separate experiment to measure the [[Q redox state]] of a biological sample. The oxidation and reduction peak potentials can be influenced by 1) the respiration medium, 2) the type of [[Coenzyme Q | CoQ]], 3) the polarization window, 4) the scan speed, 5) the number of cycles, 6) the concentration of the analyte (CoQ), and 7) the initial polarization voltage. <be></br>:::-''See'': [[MiPNet24.12 NextGen-O2k: Q-Module]].</br>:::::[[MiPNet24.16 DatLab8.0: CV-Module]][[MiPNet24.16 DatLab8.0: CV-Module]])
• Cyclosporin A  + ('''Cyclosporin A''' (CsA) is a cyclic unde … '''Cyclosporin A''' (CsA) is a cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi that binds the cyclophilin D and thus preventing the formation of the mitochondrial [[PTP|permeability transition pore]]. The interaction of CsA with the cyclophilin D is phosphate mediated but the full mechanism of interaction is not well understood. For example, the deficiency of cyclophilin D in KO models does not prevent mitochondria from permeability transition and from CsA inhibition. Moreover, it is also a is a calcineurin inhibitor and potent immunosuppressive agent used largely as a means of prophylaxis against cellular rejection after solid organ transplantation.jection after solid organ transplantation.)
• Cytochrome c  + ('''Cytochrome ''c''''' is a component of t … '''Cytochrome ''c''''' is a component of the Electron transfer-pathway ([[Electron transfer pathway]]) in mitochondria. It is a small heme protein loosely associated with the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The heme group of cytochrome ''c'' transfers electrons from [[Complex III]] to [[Complex IV]]. The release of cytochrome ''c'' into the cytoplasm is associated with apoptosis. Cytochrome ''c'' is applied in [[HRR]] to test the integrity of the [[mitochondrial outer membrane]] ([[cytochrome c control efficiency]]).[[cytochrome c control efficiency]]).)
• D-number  + ('''D number''' is the unique code given fo … '''D number''' is the unique code given for each [[SUIT]] protocol. In the same [[MitoPedia: SUIT |SUIT protocol]] family (SUIT-###), there might be different protocols, specifically designed for different [[sample]] type (''e.g.'', different [[mitochondrial preparations]]) or for different applications (''e.g.'', O2, [[AmR]], [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|Fluo]], [[MgG]]). Since the use of different kinds of sample or application may result in slightly different steps, each protocol receives a different D-number.ch protocol receives a different D-number.)
• Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit  + ('''DL-Protocols''' (DLP) can be selected i … '''DL-Protocols''' (DLP) can be selected in DatLab 7 in the pull-down menu 'Protocol': Set DL-Protocol / O2 limit. A DL-Protocol defines the sequence of [[Events - DatLab |Events]] and [[Marks - DatLab |Marks]] and can be assigned to O2k-Chamber A or B, or both. Linked to DL-Protocols are templates for storing exported data in a database and for data analysis. Instrumental DL-Protocols are used for calibrations and instrumental quality control, without experimental sample in the incubation medium. DL-Protocols for [[substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration]] (SUIT) provide a guide through a sequence of [[coupling-control state]]s and [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. A [[MitoPedia:_SUIT|library]] of evaluated and tested standard DL-Protocols is provided by the Oroboros team. The Titration-Injection-microPump [[TIP2k]] can be programmed for automatic control of titration steps in a DL-Protocol. In DatLab 7.4, it is possible to edit a DL-Protocol and save it as a [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)| user-specific DL-Protocol]] (*.DLPU). For more information, see: [[Enable DL-Protocol editing]]. A '''Lower O2 limit [µM]''' can be defined for each chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O₂ concentration declines below this limit as a WARNING to remind the user that re-oxygenation of the medium may be required.ser that re-oxygenation of the medium may be required.)
• DTPA  + ('''DTPA''' (Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N,N- … '''DTPA''' (Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N,N-pentaacetic acid, pentetic acid,(Carboxymethyl)imino]bis(ethylenenitrilo)-tetra-acetic acid) is a polyaminopolycarboxylic acid (like EDTA) chelator of metal cations. DTPA wraps around a metal ion by forming up to eight bounds, because each COO- group and and N-center serves a center for chelation. With transition metals the number of bounds is less than eight. The compound is not cell membrane permeable. In general, it chelates multivalent ions stronger than EDTA.lates multivalent ions stronger than EDTA.)
• O2k control (active)  + ('''DatLab 8''': Change settings of the connected O2k and current measurement. '''DatLab 7''' : to modify instrumental settings: [[O2k control - DatLab 7 | O2k control]]; to modify settings of specific channels: [[O2k configuration]].)
• Quit - DatLab  + ('''DatLab 8''': Close DatLab files and '''quit''' the program. '''DatLab 7''' : [[Exit - DatLab 7 | Exit]])
• Data labels and units  + ('''DatLab 8''': Display and edit default data labels and units for different channels. [[File:Datalabels.png|right|450px]] '''DatLab 7''' : [[O2k channel labels - DatLab 7 | O2k channel labels]].)
• Sample and medium - DatLab  + ('''DatLab 8''': In the window '''Sample an … '''DatLab 8''': In the window '''Sample and medium''', information is entered and displayed for the sample and medium. Entries can be edited any time during the experiment or during post-experiment analysis. All related results are recalculated instantaneously with the new parameters. The window can be opened whenever a file is loaded or currently recorded.</br></br>'''DatLab 7''': [[Sample - DatLab 7 | Sample]][[Sample - DatLab 7 | Sample]])
• Set Power O2k number - DatLab  + ('''DatLab 8''': Set a [[Power O2k Numbers | Power-O2k number]] to label the O2k in a Power O2k-Lab. '''DatLab 7''' : Set the Power-O2k number in the [[O2k configuration]] window.)
• DatLab templates  + ('''DatLab templates''' can be imported for O2k-setups, graph layouts, mark names, TIP2k setups and marks statistics configurations. :::: See also » [[Manage setups and templates - DatLab|Manage setups and templates]])
• DatLab-Upgrading\4.x-5.2  + ('''DatLab-Upgrading\4.1-5.2''': Upgrading DatLab 4.x to 5.2, incl. O2k-Manual, with free follow-up updates of DatLab 5.2. '''Discontinued''': see higher [[DatLab]] version.)
• DataCite  + ('''DataCite''' is a global community of or … '''DataCite''' is a global community of organizations and researchers identifying and citing research outputs and resources. We provide services to create persistent records of research, enable discovery and reuse, and support workflows throughout the research lifecycle.rkflows throughout the research lifecycle.)
• Dead cells  + ('''Dead cells''' dce are characterized by the loss of plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''_ce) is the sum of viable cells (''N''_vce) and dead cells (''N''_dce).)
• Density  + ('''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''· … '''Density''', mass density ''ρ'' = ''m''·''V''^-1 [kg·m^-3], is mass ''m'' divided by volume ''V''. Surface density ''ρ''_A = ''m''·''A''^-1 [kg·m^-2] ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |SI]]). For a pure [[sample]] S, the mass density ''ρ''_S = ''m''_S·''V''_S^-1 [kg·m^-3] is the [[mass]] ''m'' of pure sample S per [[volume]] ''V''_S of the pure sample. With density ''ρ'' thus defined, the 'amount density' of substance B is ''ρ''_B = ''n''_B·''V''_B^-1 [mol·m^-3]. This is not a commonly used expression, but the inverse is defined as the [[molar volume]] of a pure substance ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), ''V''_m,B = ''V''_B·''n''_B^-1 [m³·mol^-1]. The pure sample is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary entity. The amount [[concentration]], ''c''_B = ''n''_B·''V''^-1 [mol·m^-3] is the amount ''n''_B of substance B divided by the volume ''V'' of the mixture ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |IUPAC]]), and this is not called an 'amount density'. The term 'amount density' is reserved for an amount of substance per volume ''V''_S of the pure substance. This explicit distinction between 'density' related to the volume of the ''sample'' and 'concentration' related to the total volume of the ''mixture'' is very helpful to avoid confusion. Further clarification is required in cases, when the mass density ''ρ''_s of the sample in the mixture differs from the mass density ''ρ''_S of the pure sample before mixing. Think of a sample S of pure ethanol with a volume of 1 L at 25 °C, which is mixed with a volume of 1 L of pure water at 25 °C: after the temperature of the mixture has equilibrated to 25 °C, the total volume of the mixture is less than 2 L, such that the volume ''V''_S of 1 L pure ethanol has diminished to a smaller volume ''V''_s of ethanol in the mixture; the density of ethanol in the mixture is higher than the density of pure ethanol (this is incomplete [[additivity]]). The volume ''V''_s of sample s in a mixture is by definition smaller than the total volume ''V'' of the mixture. Sample volume ''V''_S and system volume ''V'' are identical, but this applies only to the case of a ''pure'' sample. ''Concentration'' is related to samples s per total volume ''V'' of the mixture, whereas ''density'' is related to samples S or s per volume ''V''_S = ''V'' or ''V''_s < ''V'', respectively ([[BEC 2020.1]]).)
• Derivative spectroscopy  + ('''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used … '''Derivative spectroscopy''' can be used to eliminate interfering artefacts or species. A first order derivative will remove a constant background [[absorbance]] across the spectral range. A second order derivative spectrum will remove a species whose absorbance is linearly dependent upon the wavelength, etc..early dependent upon the wavelength, etc..)
• Diapause  + ('''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of … '''Diapause''' is a preprogrammed form of developmental arrest that allows animals to survive harsh environmental conditions and may also allow populations to synchronize periods of growth and reproduction with periods of optimal temperatures and adequate water and food. Diapause is ''endogenously'' controlled, and this dormancy typically begins well before conditions become too harsh to support normal growth and development [1,2]. » [[Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']][Diapause#Diapause versus quiescence| '''MiPNet article''']])
• Diffraction gratings  + ('''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] … '''Diffraction gratings''' are [[dispersion devices]] that are made from glass etched with fine grooves, spaced at the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the light to be dispersed, and then coated with aluminium to reflect the light to the photodiode array. '''Diffraction gratings''' reflect the light in different orders and [[filters]] need to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.to be incorporated to prevent overlapping.)
• Digitonin  + ('''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that p … '''Digitonin''' is a mild detergent that permeabilizes plasma membranes selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Digitonin is a natural product and thus the effective concentration has to be determined by titrations for every batch. The optimum effective digitonin concentrations for complete plasma membrane permeabilization of cultured cells can be determined directly in a respirometric protocol (see: [[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).[[SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008]]).)
• Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase  + ('''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an … '''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an electron transfer complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane, converting dihydro-orotate (Dho) into orotate, and linking electron transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to pyrimidine synthesis and thus to the control of biogenesis.sis and thus to the control of biogenesis.)
• Dihydroethidium  + ('''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroet … '''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroethidine) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe used to analyse superoxide presence. It is a reduced form of ethidium that presents blue fluorescence, and after oxidation by superoxide becomes able to intercalate DNA and emits red fluorescence (excitation wavelength ~518–535 nm, emission ~605–610 nm). It has been used to detect superoxide by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.de by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy.)
• Dimension  + ('''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {'' … '''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {''Quote''}: Physical quantities can be organized in a system of dimensions, where the system used is decided by convention. Each of the seven base quantities used in the SI is regarded as having its own dimension. .. All other quantities, with the exception of [[count]]s, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.</br></br>There are quantities ''Q'' for which the defining equation is such that all of the dimensional exponents in the equation for the dimension of ''Q'' are zero. This is true in particular for any quantity that is defined as the ratio of two quantities of the same kind. .. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a [[count]]. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one. {''end of Quote'': p 136, [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]}[[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]})
• Dimethyl sulfoxide  + ('''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aproti … '''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. DMSO may also be used as a cryoprotectant, added to cell media to reduce ice formation and thereby prevent cell death during the freezing process.nt cell death during the freezing process.)
• Dinitrochlorobenzene  + ('''Dinitrochlorobenzene (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)''' (DNCB) is a glutathione (GSH) inhibitor.)
• Display DatLab help  + ('''Display DatLab help''' In this section … '''Display DatLab help'''</br></br>In this section, we present some issues that could happen during your data analysis related to the graphs display and how to fix them quickly.</br></br>Case in which an issue might occur:</br></br>::* While analysing your data, trying to close the program while the graph is still being loaded. If you cancel the closing window, the graph will not be loaded at the screen.</br></br>In the event of a frozen display of the graphs, try the alternatives below:</br></br>::* Click on: Graph > Autoscale time axis</br>::* Click on: Graph > Scaling (F6); then press OK to confirm the scaling and induce the program to reload the graphs (no changes in the graphs are required). graphs (no changes in the graphs are required).)
• Dyscoupled respiration  + ('''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] … '''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] distinguished from intrinsically (physiologically) uncoupled and from extrinsic experimentally [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] respiration as an indication of extrinsic uncoupling (pathological, toxicological, pharmacological by agents that are not specifically applied to induce uncoupling, but are tested for their potential dyscoupling effect). Dyscoupling indicates a mitochondrial dysfunction. </br></br>In addition to intrinsic uncoupling, dyscoupling occurs under pathological and toxicological conditions. Thus a distinction is made between physiological uncoupling and pathologically defective dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration. dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration.)
• Ectotherms  + ('''Ectotherms''' are organisms whose body temperatures conform to the thermal environment. In many cases, therefore, ectotherms are [[poicilotherms | poicilothermic]].)
• Editorial board participation  + ('''Editorial board participation''' is a topic addressed in [[COPE core practices for research]].)
• Electric current density  + ('''Electric current density''' is [[current]] divided by area, ''j''=''I''·''A''^-1 [C·m^-2]. Compare: [[density]].)
• Electron flow  + ('''Electron flow''' through the mitochondr … '''Electron flow''' through the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pahway) is the scalar component of chemical reactions in oxidative phosphorylation ([[OXPHOS]]). Electron flow is most conveniently measured as oxygen consumption (oxygraphic measurement of [[oxygen flow]]), with four electrons being taken up when oxygen (O₂) is reduced to water.xygen (O₂) is reduced to water.)